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ANABOLIC STEROIDS: Anabolic steroids are also known as anabolic-androgenic steroids. Anabolic steroids are made up male sex hormones. “Anabolic” refers to muscle building and androgenic refers to increased male sex characteristics. Sometimes athletes and body builder use these steroids to increase their muscle mass. How to use anabolic steroids: They do have legitimate medical uses. Sometimes doctor prescribe anabolic steroids to treat some hormonal problems of men, delayed puberty and muscle loss from some diseases. These steroids only be used by doctor’s prescription, it is illegal to use anabolic steroids for personal use. People can take these steroids orally, inject them or apply them on skin. Abuses OF anabolic steroids: Some athletes often use these steroids by the information gained from some other athletes and websites, gym trainer, coaches, as a result they don’t have enough access to medical information. However people of all ages misuse AAS including young boys who su...

This lecture is about Gel Electrophoresis and a little brief about it, which is presented by Tuba Nafees she is MSc graduate in Biotechnology from University of Karachi, Sindh Pakistan. Topic: Essentials of Gel Electrophoresis Presenter: Tuba Nafees Video: Slides: Essentials of Gel Electrophoresis from SindhBiotech

1. INTRODUCTION Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral infection caused by a novel human coronavirus (HCoV) named as SARS-CoV-2, which mainly targets the respiratory system. The virus belongs to the Coronaviridae family of Nidovirales order (Shereen, Khan, Kazmi, Bashir, & Siddique, 2020). Many HCoVs were recognized in past 20 years to cause respiratory disorders in different countries but the novel coronavirus caused a global pandemic. In February 2020, COVID-19 was spread worldwide at an alarming rate, even the transmission of disease was recognized by World Health Organization (WHO). The outbreak of this disease was announced as a Public Health Emergency of International Concerns (Chang, Yan, & Wang, 2020). A pandemic is always a natural disaster that affects the life worldwide. During the outbreak of a pandemic, all the scientists, health professionals, Government and International organization put efforts to find and focus the biological cause of the disease to ...

It is anticipated that by 2025, the predominance of hypertension(HTN) will increase by 60% to a sum of 1.56 billion overall recommending that HTN remains a significant general medical issue. Hypertension (or HTN) or hypertension is characterized as abnormally high arterial blood pressure. Blood pressure is the force exerted by circling blood against the wall of the body's arteries, the significant veins in the body. Hypertension is when pulse rate is excessively high. Blood pressure is composed as two numbers. Firstly (systolic) number represents the pressure in blood vessels when the heart contracts or beats. The second (diastolic) number shows the vessels pressure when the heart rests between beats. As per the Joint National Committee 7 (JNC7) , typical BP is a systolic BP<120 mmHg and diastolic BP<80 mm Hg. Hypertension is characterized as systolic BP level of ≥140 mmHg or potentially diastolic BP level ≥ 90 mmHg. According to WHO (world health organization) ...

In the last 20 years, we were face six dangerous threats like: SARS, MERS, Ebola , avian influenza and swine flu ( Raperant & Osterhaus, 2017) . But now a days Corona virus (COVID - 19) became a pandemic . Professor Matthew Bayls told this is not the last pandemic, so we should be alert for next wildlife disease (Jenco, 2020) . BREI F HISTORY   H istorical pandemic of swine influenza was 1918 (Spanish flu) where pigs became ill at same time as human s. During 60 years swine flu strain were H1N1 (Sun et al . , 2020) . In 1976 HIN1 virus jumps from pigs to humans. Then after 60 years from 1997 to 2002 new strain with different subtyp es emerged as cause of influenza among pigs . H3N2 strain developed in 1997 - 1998. In 1999 C anada faced strain of H4N6 crossed the species barrier from birds to pigs . T he emergence of H1N1 virus caused pandemic in 2009 where the virus contains three types of strains ( Mackenzie , 2009) . This H1N1v virus is known as HINIv where the v stan...