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INTRODUCTION Pakistan's population is predicted to be 225,633,392 (225 million). In Pakistan, the β-thalassemia (β-thal) trait frequency is between 5.0 and 7.0%, implying that there are more than 10 million carriers; and each year, approximately 5000 children are diagnosed with β-thal major (β-TM) in Pakistan. Thalassemias are a diverse set of hereditary illnesses caused by a reduction in the production of the alpha or beta chains of haemoglobin (Hb). Haemoglobin is the component of red blood cells that transports oxygen. It is made up of two proteins, an alpha and a beta. If the body does not produce enough of one or both of these proteins, red blood cells do not form correctly and cannot carry enough oxygen, resulting in anaemia that begins in childhood and lasts throughout life. Thalassemia is an inherited condition, which means that at least one of the parents must be a carrier. β-thalassemia is hereditary haemoglobin (Hb) production disorder characterised by poor Hb synt...

INTRODUCTION Gene technology as a technology is potentially a short way to Improving domesticated plants and animals, mainly because it can bypass biological barriers for recombination and genetic exchange across unrelated species by creating transgenes.The term GMO may be used in a broad sense to include all life forms, but the most common application of the term is limited to confine GM plants and animals.The term “genetic modified organisms (GMO)” has become a controversial topic as its benefits for both food producers and consumers are companied by potential biomedical risks and environmental side effects. Increasing concerns from the public about GMO, particularly in the form of genetic modified (GM) foods, are aimed at the short- and long-lasting health problems that may result from this advanced biotechnology. Complex studies are being carried out around the world independently to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of GM foods. In this survey we attempt to summarize u...

This survey was conducted by Miss Dania Fatima on the topic "Forced COVID-19 vaccination and It's obligations, consequences and repercussions". Miss dania was facilitated by her team leads, Aymen Arif ( Program Manager at SBA), Hira Jamil ( Executive member at SBA) and Khalid Baloch (Founder,CEO & Trainer at SBA).  INTRODUCTION The latest threat to global health is the ongoing outbreak of the respiratory disease that was recently given the name Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19). Covid-19 was recognized in December 2019.  It was rapidly shown to be caused by a novel coronavirus that is structurally related to the virus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)[1] To meet the urgent need for a vaccine, a new pandemic vaccine development paradigm was proposed that compressed the development timeline from 10–15 years to 1–2 years [2] . However, there remains a lack of clarity as to what may constitute a safe and immunologically effective COVID-19 ...