Immune protection against infectious diseases is a crucial objective in both human and animal health. Currently, the focus of the vaccine landscape is primarily on COVID-19, which has required an unprecedented global effort to develop and deploy vaccines rapidly. Consequently, vaccination has become a dominant subject in scientific literature, and detailed discussions on specific immunization strategies and vaccine-induced immune responses are widespread in the media. This situation has underscored the challenges posed by emerging viral pandemics and the need for a universal approach to vaccine development, regardless of the pathogen-host combination. Traditional vaccine formulations, such as inactivated or attenuated versions of the whole infectious agent, have faced limitations, such as potential safety risks associated with chemical inactivation or the risk of reverting to virulence with attenuated strains. As a result, there is a growing interest in recombinant subunit vaccines. ...
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that play a pivotal role in regulating gene expression post-transcriptionally. Since their discovery in 1993, miRNAs have been identified as key players in various cellular processes, including development, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and stress response [1] . In recent years, miRNAs have gained significant attention in the field of cancer research due to their involvement in tumorigenesis, metastasis, and treatment resistance. This article delves into the intricate relationship between miRNAs and cancer, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets and exploring the challenges and opportunities of utilizing miRNA-based therapies. miRNAs function by binding to complementary sequences within the 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of target mRNAs, leading to mRNA degradation or translational repression. This intricate interaction allows miRNAs to fine-tune the expression of numerous genes, ultimately influe...
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is one of the top-most innovation and technique in the field of biotechnology and has aided to the success of different biotechnological and medical research and tests. The PCR technique, developed by Kary Mullis in 1980s, permits scientists to make multiple copies of a target DNA region, simplifying the analysis, and the manipulation of genetic material. A heat-resistant enzyme called DNA polymerase is used for replicating DNA in cycles of heating and cooling. Polymerase chain reaction is an amplification process through which a small amount of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) can be multiplied and further tests can be performed. The machine in which the process is performed is termed as thermo-cycler and the process of PCR was first introduced by Kary Mullis, a renowned American Biochemist (Plantsurfer, 2023) . Principles and working of PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) takes place in a series of 3 steps i.e.: Denaturation, Annealing, and El...
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