ONCOGENIC VIRUSES

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The oncogenic type of virus that may cause cancer, also called oncornaviruses to show the origin of the RNA virus. It now relates to any DNA or RNA genome gene that causes cancer and is synonymous with "tumor virus" or "cancer virus."
Collectively, seven types of viruses are a major cause of cancer, particularly in less developed countries and for people with weakened immune systems. Cancers are not infectious in the sense that they are not spread from patients to direct contact.
Tumor viruses are categorized into two general categories depending on whether an RNA or a DNA genome is incorporated into a contagious viral particle. In addition to the difference in reproduction and life cycle, RNA and DNA viruses also differ in their general mechanisms of cell transformation/immortalization, the first step in tumor growth. RNA tumor viruses, specifically creature retroviruses, are normally portrayed by the capacity to convey as well as change significant cellular growth-regulatory genes, to be specific the oncogenes.
The atomic components of viral oncogenesis are mind boggling and may include the enlistment of constant irritation, disturbance of host hereditary and epigenetic uprightness and homeostasis, impedance with cell DNA fix systems bringing about genome instability and cell cycle disregulation.
Oncogenic DNA viruses may also inject their genomic DNA into cellular genomes, resulting in genetic abnormality. Viral 'oncoproteins' can activate cell signaling pathways, alter the expression of cell genes and microRNAs by transcription or post-transcription, and destabilize or inactivate tumour suppressor genes proteins and proteins that control cell amplitude, signal transduction, apoptosis and immune response.   Genetic and environmental alterations caused by infection and recombination of oncogenic viruses may lead to the development and spread of cancer cells that are important for cancer initiation,  metastases, relapse, chemotherapy and progression. The role and fundamental molecular mechanisms of different cellular proteins and signaling pathways in viral oncogenesis are the targets of extensive study. Much new information on viral oncogenesis has been gained through studies of virus-induced tumorigenesis in xenograft animal studies. More notably, a variety of new drugs and vaccines have been created to treat and prevent virus-induced cancers.
Human cellular genes originating from retroviral oncogenes are referred to as proto-oncogenes. The method by which proto-oncogenes are integrated into the genetic material and converted to chromosomal abnormalities with overt transformation activity is complex; it involves recombination between the retroviral and cellular genomes following the integration of the retrovirus adjacent to the cellular protooncogene. This system, known as transduction, is followed by structural change and regulation of oncogene sequences. Some of the oncogenes involved in the transformation of retroviruses have also been independently identified in random tumors of non-viral origin, where they tend to be triggered by other mechanisms, including missense mutations, gene amplification, and genetic translocation. Proto-oncogenes encode a broad variety of protein items involved in the regulation of cell differentiation, including growth factors, growth factor receptors, signaling molecules elements, and transcription factors that regulate RNA transmission synthesis. Tumor-suppressive genes, on the other hand , represent genes that are likely to play a role in negatively regulating cell development.

References:
  1. https://www.imedpub.com/scholarly/oncogenic-viruses-journals-articles-ppts-list.php
  2. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2016.0264
  3. https://infectagentscancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1750-9378-5-11
  4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4731227/
  5. https://hemonc.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1791&sectionid=124303702 

By: Amna Rahil

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