Biotechnological techniques used in cancer diagnosis and treatment
In
spite of the immense improvement in cancer diagnosis and therapy, but still
cancer is the second most significant cause of demise in the globe. Advancement
in medical biotechnology has raised the researcher’s information on molecular
events of cancer disease and has created a new faith in the early cancer
prognosis and treatment. Changes in the cell’s genome and proteome interrupt
the cellular control mechanisms. These molecular faults can be resolute by the
help of using appropriate biotechnology techniques (Pahlevani. E., 2017).
Are biotechnology techniques helpful for the scientist to fight
against cancer disease?
Biotechnology has assist researchers to know cancer disease
in multiple ways such as genome analysis, cell culture, culturing
transgenic cell lines, gene profiling and especially identify novel biomarkers
for risk detection and development of cancer.
· Existing
biotechnology techniques help researchers to understand the major cause of
cancer disease.
· Biotechnological
techniques provide information about those factors that are involved in
increasing the rate of cancer growth and those factors that are involved in reducing
the rate of cancer growth (Ghorbani. M
and Karimi. H., 2015).
TECHNIQUES OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY:
Here
some useful biotechnology techniques for cancer therapy or diagnosis and the benefits of each technique are also discussed. These
techniques include:
1. Gene
expression profiling
2. DNA
sequencing
3. In
situ hybridization (ISH)
4. Real
time PCR
5. Microarray
analysis
6. Gene
mapping
7. Genome analysis
1.
Gene Expression Profiling:
The
gene expression profiling is a biotechnology technique that is used by
scientist or researchers to find out the genes expression level. The test of gene
expression profiling has enabled scientists to analyze a large number
of gene expression among thousands
of genes simultaneously. This technique used for tumours classification and
specific allele’s identification that grow the chances of cancer development because
of transfer genetic disorder by inheritance in offspring. The gene expression
profiling results help doctors to make the decision who may benefit to give
additional treatment after doing surgery (Bao, T., & Davidson, N.
E., 2008).
2.
DNA Sequencing:
DNA
sequencing technique involves the determination process of the correct order of
nucleotide bases (cytosine, thymine, adenine, and guanine) within the DNA
strand. In the cancer research program, the DNA sequencing method is used for
oncogenic DNA sequences detection. The DNA sequencing of cancerous genes is
done because of the new biomarkers invention. Single nucleotide change, DNA sequences
variant, small insertions and deletions are identified by DNA sequencing method
(Ghorbani. M & Karimi. H., 2015).
3.
In Situ Hybridization
(ISH):
Another
biotechnology technique is In situ hybridization (ISH) that is widely used for
the detection of specific DNA and RNA nucleotides sequences in the tissue section
is complete by hybridization of labelled complementary DNA, RNA, or probe strand
to the target strand. This method is very useful for researchers or scientists
to study gene expression and cause the development of specified cancers (Jehan,
Z et al., 2012).
4.
Real-time PCR:
This
technique has a wide application in the study of cancer disease. Real-time PCR
is an advance method of PCR used for amplification and concurrently
quantification or detection of targeted DNA sequences. This technique is one of
the main focuses of research on cancer-related programs. The pathogenesis of
tumour and cancer biology is determined by real-time PCR, it gives responsive
and accurate prediction which is helpful for the scientist to understand the
stage of cancer, disease mechanism, and cancer therapies development (Raza. A
and Khattak. A. N. 2012).
5.
Microarray
analysis:
The most appropriate method of genome study is the
microarray that is used for the comparison of thousands of genes level of
expression at the same time. This technique is quite helpful for scientists to
recognize which gene is turned off or on in the absence or presence of cancer. This
technique helps in identifying the known genes that play a role in cancer disease
development than which in turn leads to the preparation of new cancer treatment
for target cancers cells (Ghorbani. M & Karimi. H., 2015).
6.
Gene mapping:
Gene
mapping is a biotechnology technique that is used to determining the position of
genes, space or gaps between genes on a chromosome. In cancer research, the main
purpose of gene mapping is genetic markers positioning that are associated with
cancers on their particular locus on the genome. By the using gene mapping
technique, molecular markers identify that are related to specific cancer
so personalized cancer therapy can be prepared for individual patients. It is
also helpful for the detection of cancer in early-stage (Ghorbani. M. & Karimi.
H., 2015).
7.
Genome analysis:
It includes comparison, measurement and,
determination genomic elements for example gene expression, DNA sequences,
functional and regulatory elements at the genomic level. Genome analysis of
cancer may basis on the patient or on the type of cancer. Two approaches are applied, initially examining a group of patients that are suffering in a specific
cancer type and is used to biomarkers finding, subtypes of cancer are
characterize with therapeutic or clinical implications. The second approach
includes genome analysis of a specific cancer patient looking for particular alterations
that may be susceptible to tailored therapy (Vazquez, M. et al., 2012).
By: Sadia Israr
REFERENCES:
- Pahlevani. E., (2017). Role of biotechnology in cancer diagnosis and control. J Biotechnol Biomater. https://www.omicsonline.org/conference-proceedings/biotechnology-2017-posters-accepted-abstracts.digital/files/assets/basic-html/page-13.html
- Ghorbani. M and Karimi. H., (2015). Role of Biotechnology in Cancer Control. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288331626_Role_of_Biotechnology_in_Cancer_Control
- Bao, T., & Davidson, N. E. (2008). Gene Expression Profiling of Breast Cancer. Advances in Surgery, 42, 249–260. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2775529/
- Jehan, Z., Uddin, S., & S. Al-Kuraya, K. (2012). In-Situ Hybridization as a Molecular Tool in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 19(22), 3730–3738. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22680920/
- Raza. A and Khattak. A. N. (2012). Real-Time PCR; Applications in Diagnostics and Research. Professional Med J, 19(6): 751-759 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236850195_RealTime_PCR_Applications_in_Diagnostics_and_Research
- Vazquez, M., de la Torre, V., & Valencia, A. (2012). Chapter 14: Cancer Genome Analysis. PLoS Computational Biology, 8(12), e1002824. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3531315/
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