Biotechnology and You

Neuro + Technology = Biotechnology and central nervous system

Any person who is active in games or any sport well known the importance of protection of head and neck. In order to do any activity like flip, pedal, or kick he got to send some kind of signals from his brain to his muscles. Special type of cell known as neuron transfer signals from brain to all parts of body. Neurons pass from your head to your body through a structure called your spinal cord. The spinal rope is 1.5 feet long in people and up to 8.5 feet long in animals like giraffes. Central nervous system consist of brain and spinal cord. We have listened of some neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s and attention-deficit disorder, epilepsy, maybe Parkinson’s. Others could be a modern to many people, including fibromyalgia, dementia, narcolepsy, memory problems, diabetic neuropathic pain, and anxious legs syndrome. In expansion to diseases that assault the central the anxious framework, injuries can harm the brain or spine. For case, blasts can cause traumatic brain harm (TBI). And on the off chance that you damage your spinal cord and your neurons are  cut or harmed the instructions from your brain cannot reach your muscles and you will get to be paralyzed below the zone of harm. In expansion to needing to treat individuals who have neuro maladies presently, one the  concern is that as the population ages, even more individuals will be afflicted. Biotechnology is being employed to bargain with CNS clutters, such as genetic sequencing to discover hereditary causes and the utilize of stem cells.
Three ways biotechnology is working to repair problems in CNS.
1-Stem cells 

See that clean bunny covering up beneath your bed once you clean your room? Where did it come from? Did you know that dust bunnies are frequently made from our dead skin cells  that drop off when we move around? Our hair develops, our nails get longer, and our ruddy blood cells get supplanted every four months. What is capable for all these ranges of development in our bodies?  

Stems cells in each of these regions create the cells required to develop these structures. In a few ways, stem cells are like factories that can massproduce diverse sorts of cells. Stem cells in your skin deliver sufficient cells to supplant your skin every four weeks. Stem cells in your blood deliver 2.5 million red blood cells a moment! In young people and grownups, stem cells are found in for all intents and purposes each tissue within the body and are used to construct tissues that are developing and keep up tissues that have cells that are persistently replaced.Stem cells are indeed found in our brains, and they usually form cells called astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (cells that support neurons and cells that wrap around neurons and insulate them so they can send data over long separations.

Analysts are examining what neural stem cells (stem cells of the central apprehensive framework) do in normal brains and after harm and disease. Stem cells have one or two of special properties that make them not at all like any manufacturing plant we know.  

It’s conceivable for a stem cell to partition with one daughter cell getting to be a specialized cell and one girl cell being a duplicate of the initial stem cell. Stem cells of a specific tissue can be gotten to be any cell in that tissue. For case, blood stem cells can become any kind of cell within the blood. Neural stem cells can end up any type of cell within the central apprehensive framework. This capacity is called multipotency. The capacity to end up all the diverse sorts of cells in different tissues is called pluripotency. Most stem cells in adults are multipotent, but embryonic stem cells are an illustration of pluripotent cells. 

2- Catching a rainbow

Have you ever attempted to unplug your computer and weren’t sure of which one to disengage among the tangle of cords for your alert clock, cell phone, TV, and light all crammed into the same control strip?  

Presently envision rather than fair five cords, there were thousands! That's a see into the challenge confronted by neuroscientists as they attempt to figure out how different nerve cells—called neurons—that send signals throughout your brain and body are associated within the brain.  

A single neuron makes thousands of associations to other neurons so we are able to think,breathe, eat and keep in mind. Your brain can be thought of as a mass of billions of wires creating pathways for data to travel. Numerous neurological clutters, such as autism, schizophrenia, and disarranges of early development, are thought to be caused in portion by
the flawed wiring of these pathways. When certain neurons are not connected correctly to other neurons, data gets misplaced or garbled.

On the off chance that the circuits and pathways that neurons make are critical in considering illness, how can researchers make sense of this disorder of wires when each neuron looks comparative to other neurons? 

Jeff Lichtman and Joshua Sanes at Harvard University recently created an astonishing way to see at how neurons are associated and the circuits that they shape. This biotechnology breakthrough has been named “Brainbow” since it makes neurons in a mouse brain appear up as approximately 90 diverse colors. With each neuron a diverse color, researchers see the  associations between them.   

Most commonly used to image biological tissue is the transmission electron microscope (TEM) (knoll, 1932), in which a broad beam of electrons is directed at a sample that is thin enough to allow a substantial fraction of the electrons to pass through and then be focused onto film or another electron-sensitive spatially resolving detector. They can too tell where one neuron stops and another neuron starts. The analysts utilized the same guideline that creates color tv. Colors are made on a tv screen by combining diverse sums of ruddy, blue, and green. Researchers have taken the DNA enlightening for fluorescent shades blue, green, and red from jellyfish and coral and adjusted them to utilize in a mouse. Being able to see the circuits that neurons make and where they send data will offer assistance researchers understand how the brain works in wellbeing and illness.

3-Breaching the Brain-Blood barrier

Another challenge confronting researchers and specialists is how to urge pharmaceuticals into the brain. Our bodies make a blood-brain boundary between the blood vessels that travel through the brain and the neurons and other cells of the brain.This boundary keeps microbes and poisons out of the brain but permits oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass openly.  

CNS vessels are continuous nonfenestrated vessels, but also contain a series of additional properties that allow them to tightly regulate the movement of molecules, ions, and cells between the blood and the CNS (Zlokovic, 2008). 

Shockingly, it keeps out numerous medicines that might offer assistance treat neurological disorders. Scientists are learning how nanocarriers can offer assistance we sneak medicine past the blood-brain obstruction. 

Nanocarriers are extremely little particles that are 10 to 1,000 nanometers in diameter, and a nanometer is one-billionth of a meter. On the off chance that a nanometer was spoken to by marble, a meter would be the measure of the earth! Therapeutic drugs are put interior these nanocarriers, then the nanocarriers are coated with proteins that let them slip past the blood-brain obstruction. In expansion, the nanocarriers protect the drug so that it isn't rapidly broken down by the body.  

Other techniques
You might listen around “gene therapy” as a biotechnology process. This term alludes to changing qualities in particular ways to offer assistance to individuals battle maladies. By controlling hereditary fabric, it’s conceivable to create solid qualities in put of damaged or lost genes. 

In this issue, we have two illustrations of that. In “Stem Cells,” the iPSC prepare incorporates quality therapy—making cells express (or enact) four qualities they don’t ordinarily express. In the same article, it’s quality treatment when stem cells are made to create more neurotrophins than they would in case left on their own. Using innovation to advantage organic beings—us!—is what biotechnology is all almost.

By: Aniqa Anwar

References
https://archive.bio.org/articles/your-world-biotechnology-you http://www.biotechinstitute.org/download/files/YourWorld/yw-neuro-final.pdf https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4292164/ https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020329