Introduction to plant tissue culture and how it is helpful in biotechnology

INTRODUCTION:                                                    

Plant tissue culture technique was first introduced by Haberlandt he was a German Botanist first attempt was made by him in 1898 that is why all the credit goes to him as he introduced in vitro plant growth method.

Plant tissue culture has advanced the techniques of growing plant and the first and the foremost benefit of the plant tissue culture is

·          It increases the yield dramatically.

·         It saves the time.

·         The plants that are grown by tissue culture technique they are free from disease and viruses or if in case there is any disease so it can be genetically altered.

·         It is season-free. All the plants that are naturally grown are have their certain season but through plant tissue culture we will be finding no boundaries pf season.

·         Such plants which are endanger or about to extinct in this situation plant tissue is very beneficial it saves the type of plant by multiplying it.

For plant tissue culture we need proper medium basic requirements of nutrients should be filled in such medium in which plant is initially dipped.

In plant research it usually involves growing new plants in an environment that is considered as control it means that the nutrient that medium contain are fully in controlled we can add up more or less as per requirement.

Such environment we provide to the plants which are genetically altered through some way or there is one more reason when we want identical copies of the same plant for this purpose Tissue culture proves itself as a milestone.

Whenever we culture a plant first of all we have to select a plant of interest leave, stem, root etc. then we can culture. (D, 2007)

 Tissue culture techniques are usually used for commercial production of plants and it can also use when you are intending to do plant research.

The small piece of plant that we take out is also highlighted by using a term EXPLANT. We provide explant a nutrient medium in sterile condition. Using the appropriate growing conditions for each explant type, plants can be induced to rapidly produce new shoots, and, with the addition of suitable hormones new roots.

The new plants can then be placed in soil and grown in the normal manner.

For plant tissue culture sterile environment is very essential because a single contamination whether from a single spore if comes in a contact it will reproduce and affects the small piece of plant that you were desired to clone.

Cauliflower florets in particular give highly immense results since they can be grown into a complete plant in the basic tissue culture media.

There is not any need of adding up such things for growth or root hormones.

Green shoots are generally observable within three weeks, and roots develop within six weeks.

APPLICATION OF TISSUE CULTURE :

There are so many application of tissue that helps on biotechnology

Recently used in pharmaceuticals and food additives:

Plant cell cultures have ability of synthesizing a large array of phytochemicals which can be used as pharmaceuticals, food additives and cosmetic ingredients.

Although most researches have focused on the production of pharmaceutically important compounds, over the past decade there has been a remarkable advance in the development of plant cell culture technologies used for production of active cosmetic ingredients or food additives.

(Eibl R, 2018)

Cultivation of plant cell, tissue and organ cultures in a controlled and by providing an aseptic environment is the best and widely exploited technology for production of biologically active plant-derived secondary metabolites for the needs of pharmacy.  (astiva, 2020)

Techniques of plant tissue culture

Micropropagation:

Here we are going to describe that how tissue culture proceeds the initial steps of tissue culture.

§  First of all we select a part of plant that we are intended to culture as knows as explant. It will be selected from such plant that is healthy and vigorous.

§  The main point is that we can select any part of the plant there is not any restriction we can select root, nodules, leaves, buds and nodules.

§  It should also consider here that we cannot use bark because it has dead cells so for culturing we need living cells then it will be grown further.

§  Explant should be sterilized as well.

 Stages of the plant tissue culture:  

Media formulation:

Normally we culture plants in MS media but sometimes for specifically plant we have to find out their suitable medium in which they can richly grow if the media links are not available so we go towards their family that in which family the plant lies by this we can search media without media we cannot culture plant.

The selection of products depends on the type of explant to be introduced. The surface sterilization of explant in chemical solutions is an important step to remove contaminants with minimal damage to plant cells. The most commonly used disinfectants are sodium hypochlorite calcium hypochlorite, ethanol and mercuric chloride (HgCl₂). The cultures are incubated in growth chamber either under light or dark conditions according to the method of propagation.

Multiplication stage

The basic purpose of doing tissue culture is to increase the quantity of plants which can be helpful to control scarcity of food and it also can be helpful for our environment. In multiplication stage shoots are formed   

 Rooting stage

Here multiplication of explants occur in the same media that was used before. However in some case the media can be changed as well for increasing or decreasing the nutrient quantity  and growth regulators growth hormones auxin, cytokinine, gibberellin etc for strong root growth.

 Acclimatization Stage

In this stage the plants that were in vitro are supposed to be hardened as they were in delicate medium we cannot make direct exposure to sun otherwise it will be burst at once if we do this. We have to harden it gradually from high to low humidity and from low light intensity to high light intensity then plants will be capable to be transferred in substrate (sand, peat, compost etc) and gradually hardened under greenhouse. (Qarshi, 2012)

Conclusion:

Plant tissue culture has made the things easy and fast in short span of time we can grow our desired plants it helps the world a lot to survive as it abolishes the scarcity of food. Scientists are also doing several researches to make it more worthy and helpful for the world and environment.

                                                                                                                        

                                                                                                                     INSHA KHALID

 

Bibliography

(2014). Front plant sci.

astiva, G. (2020, december 18). Recent applications of plant cell culture technology in cosmetics and foods. engeneering in life sciences, 21(3-4), 68-76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.202000078

D, J. (2007). history of plant tissue clture. 169-180.

Eibl R, M. P. (2018). plant cell culture technology in the cosmetics and food industries current state and futute trends. LIFESCIENCES, 8661-8675.

Qarshi, I. A. (2012). current status and opportunities. Lahore: Intechopen.com.

T, t. (2007, october). history of the plant tisssue culture. 169-180.