Survey on effect of COVID-19 vaccine on menstrual cycle

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Introduction

          The coronavirus disease of 2019(COVID- 19), caused by infection from severe acute respiratory pattern coronavirus 2(SARS- CoV- 2), has circulated across the world as a serious epidemic. SARS- CoV- 2, an enveloped contagion with a non-segmented, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome, is a factor of the Coronaviridae( CoV) family which causes a general respiratory illness with a wide range of clinical inflexibility, ranging from asymptomatic or mildly characteristic( fever, cough, dyspnea, myalgias, fatigue, and diarrhea) in a large proportion of cases to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome( ARDS) and fatal multi-organ failure. Its high transmissibility and kind of high rate of causing serious complications to have led COVID- 19 to come serious public health trouble worldwide. (zhu et al., 2020)

          A regular menstrual cycle is a marker of a healthy hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis and signifies the health and well-being of a woman. Menstrual characteristics are not continuous, and they differ from month to month throughout a person's life. Changes in frequency, intensity, duration, or chronicity can be considered menstrual irregularities. Several factors can impact menstrual patterns; coagulopathy, ovulatory dysfunction, drug use, and adjustable factors (unforeseen weight loss, over-exercising, rotundity, psychological diseases) all are considered. A pivotal factor to consider that can lead to the menstrual irregularity is internal stress. According to a recent study, elevated stress and anxiety situations during the COVID- 19 epidemic were also linked to menstrual cycle irregularities. (Sualeh et al., 2022)

          The connection between vaccination and menstruation problems may lead to uncertainty in getting the vaccine. Unfortunately, the after-goods of the COVID- 19 vaccine on the menstrual cycle weren't collected in clinical trials. originally, experts declared" no evidence" that a link was between vaccination and menstrual changes. Accordingly, this caused anti-vaccine groups to begin to equate the liability of short-term period dislocations with long-term reproductive problems. Politicians, religious leaders, and heartiness influencers used the generally used frame of securing women to discourage vaccination. Cultural restrictions, lack of confidence in the healthcare system, and complacency redounded vaccine hesitancy, especially in women. (Sualeh et al., 2022)

          The HPV (human papillomavirus) vaccine and the flu vaccine have been reported to affect menstrual cycles temporarily so it wouldn’t be surprising if COVID- 19 vaccines do so compactly moreover. Immune cells are at work in creating and breaking down the filling of the uterus which happens during the period; vaccines produce seditious motes called cytokines and interferons that stimulate immune cells, containing potentially in the uterus. This might beget the filling to exfoliate sooner or more intensely than usual, causing changes to the menstrual cycle. It’s important to note that numerous other factors including stress, anxiety, and nutrition can affect periods and it can be hard to draw a through-line of cause and effect between vaccination and periods. (Dr. Kathryn Clancy 2021).  The womb filling is part of the immune system. There are immune cells in nearly every part of the body. Immune cells play a part in erecting up, maintaining, and breaking down the filling of the uterus- which thickens to prepare for gestation, and sheds in the form of a period if the egg is not fertilized. After vaccination, lots of chemical signals which have the eventuality to affect immune cells are circulated throughout the body. This could beget the womb filling to exfoliate, and lead to finding or earlier ages. (Dr. Victoria Male 2021)

This study shows the link between menstruation and Covid 19 and shows How much it affects the female population. The effect is minor or critical and the time duration is as well.

 

 

Materials & Methods

We conducted an online survey among the general population of Karachi. Participants were approached through a web- grounded self-administered questionnaire which was formulated on Google forms. We circulated the survey link to the overall population through WhatsApp and Facebook.

 

Data Collection and Variables

A self-administered questionnaire was allowed and controlled using a structured questionnaire in the English language, which conformed to demographical questions like age and name. The questionnaire also collected information regarding participants' periods, like changes looked after vaccination, menstrual inflow, hormonal imbalance, and generally companies' symptoms, before and after getting vaccinated against COVID- 19.

 

Participants

The survey study includes females from Karachi. The participant must get their Covid 19 vaccination and age should be 18 or above, menstruating, and should get permission before sending questionaries.

Survey by: Sania Baig

Reference:

1.      Sualeh, M. et al. (2022) Impact of covid-19 vaccination on menstrual cycle: A cross-sectional study from Karachi, Pakistan, Cureus. Available at: https://www.cureus.com/articles/101605-impact-of-covid-19-vaccination-on-menstrual-cycle-a-cross-sectional-study-from-karachi-pakistan

 

2.      zhu, han, Rhee,J.-W. and Paul Cheng, Sarah Waliany, Amy Chang, Ronald M. Witteles, Holden Maecker, Mark M. Davis, Patricia K. Nguyen & Sean M. Wu (2020) Cardiovascular complications in patients with covid-19: Consequences of ..., link.springer.com. Available at: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11886-020-01292-3.pdf

 

3.      How COVID-19 vaccines affect the menstrual cycle | Gavi

 

4.      Schraer, O.R.& R. (2021) Covid vaccine: Period changes could be a short-term side effect, BBC News. BBC. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/health-56901353

 

Sualeh, M. et al. (2022) Impact of covid-19 vaccination on menstrual cycle: A cross-sectional study from Karachi, Pakistan, Cureus. Available at: https://www.cureus.com/articles/101605-impact-of-covid-19-vaccination-on-menstrual-cycle-a-cross-sectional-study-from-karachi-pakistan

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